12/5/2023 0 Comments Dawn demeo![]() However, the existing evidence base is not without shortcomings. In humans, maternal education level (a proxy for socioeconomic position) has been associated with methylation of specific genes involved in growth and stress physiology in placentae, cord blood and infant blood, as well as with global DNA methylation in cord blood. Evidence for this notion has been documented in nonhuman primates for example, where researchers have detected differential DNA methylation at >25,000 genomic locations in placenta of low versus high ranking female baboons. The process of remethylation is sensitive to environmental disturbances, thereby earmarking the in utero period as a sensitive developmental time frame during which environmental factors – including the mother’s social environment – can impact the fetus’ long-term health. ![]() For instance, shortly after fertilization, a genome-wide demethylation event occurs, followed by systematic re-establishment of DNA methylation marks. The relevance of epigenetics in DOHaD stems from the fact that sensitive windows of development coincide with higher lability of the epigenome. Both lines of inquiry have placed a spotlight on epigenetic processes, with DNA methylation being the most widely studied, as a mechanism underlying DOHaD phenomena. Growing awareness of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) paradigm over the last two decades has forged interest in: the relevance of timing of exposures – namely, the importance of exposures during sensitive periods of development (typically, early in the life course), and biological mechanisms linking social exposures to disease risks. A longstanding and extensively-reviewed social sciences literature, in conjunction with mechanistic studies in animal models link lower social status – for example, lower socioeconomic position in humans or lower social rank in baboons – to a range of adverse physiological and psychological phenotypes. All rights reserved.In hierarchical societies of both humans and animals, social status is a pervasive determinant of health and fitness. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Health psychology optimism psychological well-being resilience. Given that optimism was associated with numerous causes of mortality, it may provide a valuable target for new research on strategies to improve health. Associations were maintained for various causes of death, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, respiratory disease, and infection. Adding health behaviors, health conditions, and depression attenuated but did not eliminate the associations (hazard ratio = 0.91, 95% confidence interval: 0.85, 0.97). After adjustment for sociodemographic confounders, compared with women in the lowest quartile of optimism, women in the highest quartile had a hazard ratio of 0.71 (95% confidence interval: 0.66, 0.76) for all-cause mortality. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we found that a higher degree of optimism was associated with a lower mortality risk. ![]() Dispositional optimism was measured in 2004 all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates were assessed from 2006 to 2012. We used prospective data from the Nurses' Health Study (n = 70,021). In the present study, we evaluated the association between optimism and cause-specific mortality in women after considering the role of potential confounding (sociodemographic characteristics, depression) and intermediary (health behaviors, health conditions) variables. If associations between optimism and broader health outcomes are established, it may lead to novel interventions that improve public health and longevity. ![]() It has been demonstrated in randomized trials that optimism can be learned. Growing evidence has linked positive psychological attributes like optimism to a lower risk of poor health outcomes, especially cardiovascular disease.
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